1920s Totally Explained

Everything about The 1920s totally explained

The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the "Jazz Age" or the "Roaring Twenties", usually when speaking about the United States. In Canada the decade is usually referred to as the "Roaring Twenties", much like in the United States. In Europe the decade is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Twenties". Since the closing of the 20th century, the economic strength during the 1920s has drawn close associations with the 1950s and 1990s, especially in the United States. These three decades are regarded as periods of economic prosperity, which lasted throughout almost the entire decades following a tremendous event that occurred in the previous decade (World War I and Spanish flu in the 1910s, World War II in the 1940s, and the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s).
   However, not all countries enjoyed this prosperity. The Weimar Republic, like many other European countries, had to face a severe economic downturn in the opening years of the decade, because of the enormous debt caused by the war as well as the one-sided Treaty of Versailles. Such a crisis would culminate with a devaluation of the Mark in 1923, eventually leading to severe economic problems and, in the long term, favour the rise of the Nazi Party.
   Additionally, the decade was characterized by the rise of radical political movements, especially in regions that were once part of empires. Communism began attracting large numbers of followers following the success of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks' determination to win the subsequent Russian Civil War. The Bolsheviks would eventually adopt a policy of mixed economics, from 1921 to 1928, and also give birth to the USSR, at the end of 1922.
   The twenties marked the first time in America that the population in the cities surpassed the population of rural areas. This was due to rapid urbanization starting in the 1920s.
   The 1920s also experienced the rise of the far-right in Europe and elsewhere, starting with Fascism in Italy as a perceived antidote to Communism. The knotty economic problems also favoured the rise of dictatorships and monarchies in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, such as Józef Piłsudski in Poland and Peter and Alexander Karađorđević of Yugoslavia.
   The Stock Market collapsed during October 1929 (see Black Tuesday) and drew a line under the prosperous 1920s.

Technology

John Logie Baird invents the first working mechanical television system (1925). In 1928 he invents and demonstrates the first color television.
Warner Brothers produces the first movie with a soundtrack Don Juan in 1926, followed by the first Part-Talkie The Jazz Singer in 1927, the first All-Talking movie Lights of New York in 1928 and the first All-Color All-Talking movie On with the Show 1929.
Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (20 May-21 May 1927)
Karl Ferdinand Braun invented the modern electronic cathode ray tube in 1897. The CRT became a commercial product in 1922.
Record companies (such as Victor, Brunswick and Columbia) introduce an Electrical Recording process on their phonograph records in 1925 (that had been developed by Western Electric), resulting in a more life-like sound.
Robert Goddard makes the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926.
In the 20s new speed records were set almost daily due to the new popularity and development.

War, peace and politics

ť See also Social issues of the 1920s

Rise of communism after World War I

The Red Scare in the United States (1920-1921)

In the United States, peak of the Ku Klux Klan (about five million members)

In the United States, KKK auxiliaries established.

Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) and Irish Civil War (1922-23)

The Irish Free State gains independence from the United Kingdom in 1922

Marie C. Brehm becomes temperance movement leader.

Turkish War of Independence

Moderation League of New York worked for repeal of prohibition.

Polish-Soviet war

First Labour Government of Ramsay MacDonald formed in the United Kingdom

Kellogg-Briand Pact to end war

Prohibition leaders were at the height of their power.

The Qajar dynasty ended under Ahmad Shah Qajar and Reza Shah Pahlavi formed the Pahlavi Dynasty, which would later become the last monarchy of Iran.

Hitler publishes Mein Kampf, a book that foreshadows many of the events in the 1930s.

Mussolini became Italy's Prime Minister and started a fascist dictatorship.

Women in the United States received the right to vote when the 19th amendment was passed..

Economics

The New Economic Policy is created by the Bolsheviks in Russia.

The Dawes Plan, which lasted from 1924-1928

Economic boom ended by "Black Tuesday" (October 29, 1929); the stock market crashes, leading to the Great Depression

Literature and Arts

Virginia Woolf publishes Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and A Room of One's Own

George Gershwin writes Rhapsody in Blue

T. S. Eliot publishes The Waste Land

James Joyce publishes Ulysses

Franz Kafka publishes The Trial

Erich Maria Remarque publishes All Quiet on the Western Front

Rene Magritte paints The Treachery of Images

Walter Gropius builds the Bauhaus in Dessau

F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby

Hermann Hesse publishes Siddhartha

Ernest Hemingway publishes The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms

Thornton Wilder publishes The Bridge of San Luis Rey

Alexey Tolstoy publishes Aelita

George Bernard Shaw publishes Back to Methuselah

Eugene O'Neill awarded Pulitzer Prizes for Beyond the Horizon in 1920, Anna Christie in 1922, and Strange Interlude in 1928.

Sinclair Lewis publishes Babbitt, Dodsworth, Arrowsmith, and Elmer Gantry

Culture and religion

Prohibition — legal attempt to end consumption of alcohol in Canada, the USA, Norway and Finland

Youth culture of The Lost Generation; flappers, the Charleston, and bobbed hair

"The Jazz Age" — jazz and jazz-influenced dance music widely popular

F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes some of the most enduring novels characterizing the Jazz Age. This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, and The Great Gatsby, as well as three short story collections, were all published in these years.

Women's suffrage movement continues to make gains as women obtain full voting rights in Denmark in 1915, in the USA in 1920, and in the UK in 1918 (women over 30) and in 1928 (full enfranchisement); and women begin to enter the workplace in larger numbers

In the US, gangsters and the rise of organized crime, often associated with bootleg liquor, in defiance of Prohibition.

Rum rows are established to import bootleg alcoholic beverages into U.S.

First commercial radio station in the U.S. goes on air in Pittsburgh, in 1920, and radio quickly becomes a popular entertainment medium

Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals defends alcohol prohibition in U.S.

First feature-length motion picture with a sound track (Don Juan) is released in 1926. First part-talkie (The Jazz Singer) released in 1927, first all-talking feature (Lights of New York) released in 1928 and first all-color all-talking feature (On with the Show) released in 1929.

Beginning of surrealist movement

Beginning of the Art Deco movement

Fads such as marathon dancing, mah-jongg, crossword puzzles and pole-sitting are popular

The height of the clip joint

The Harlem Renaissance

The Scopes Monkey Trial (1925) which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, creating tension between the competing theories of creationism and evolution.

Bishop James Cannon, Jr. becomes a U.S. temperance movement leader.

The Group of Seven (artists)

Repeal organizations organized to fight national prohibition in U.S.

Minister Daisey Douglas Barr heads Women's Ku Klux Klan (WKKK).

The tomb of Tutankhamun is discovered intact by Howard Carter (1922). This begins a second revival of Egyptomania.

Edward Higgins becomes the third General (international leader) of The Salvation Army . His term is from 1929-1934.

People

World leaders

President Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) (Turkey)

President Woodrow Wilson (United States)

President Warren G. Harding (United States)

President Calvin Coolidge (United States)

President Herbert Hoover (United States)

President Alexandre Millerand (France)

President Gaston Doumergue (France)

Prime Minister James Scullin (Australia)

Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Australia)

Prime Minister William Hughes (Australia)

Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada)

President Sun Yat-sen (Republic of China)

President Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China)

President Friedrich Ebert (Germany)

President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)

President Eamon De Valera (Ireland)

Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia/Iran)

Reza Shah Pahlavi of Pahlavi Dynasty (Iran)

King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)

Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)

President W. T. Cosgrave (Irish Free State)

Regent Miklós Horthy (Hungary)

Emperor Hirohito (Japan)

Pope Pius XI

Józef Piłsudski (Poland)

Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

King Alfonso XIII (Spain)

King George V (United Kingdom)

Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)

Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law (United Kingdom)

Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)

Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)

Entertainers

Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle

Mary Astor

Clara Bow

Lon Chaney

Greta Garbo

Al Jolson

Tom Mix

Mae Murray

Pola Negri

Will Rogers

Cole Porter

Rudy Vallee

Florenz Ziegfeld

Sports figures

Warwick Armstrong (Australian cricket captain)

Gordon Coventry (Australian rules football player)

Jack Dempsey (American boxer)

Red Grange (American football player)

Jack Hobbs (Surrey & England cricketer)

Alex James (Arsenal & Scotland footballer)

Bobby Jones (American golfer)

Kenesaw Mountain Landis (American Baseball Commissioner)

Suzanne Lenglen (French tennis player )

Helen Wills Moody (American tennis player)

Paavo Nurmi (Finnish runner)

Wilfred Rhodes (Yorkshire & England cricketer)

Babe Ruth (American baseball player)

Herbert Sutcliffe (Yorkshire & England cricketer)

Bill Tilden (American tennis player)

Lou Gehrig (American baseball player)

Styles

Robert Sobel The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s (1968)Further Information

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